American Artists. 7 masters akashamisa nyika

American artists vakasiyana zvikuru. Mumwe munhu aive akajeka cosmopolitan, saSargent. Iye anobva kuAmerica, asi akagara muLondon neParis kweanenge hupenyu hwake hwese hwevakuru.

Kune zvakare maAmerican echokwadi pakati pavo, airatidza hupenyu hwevamwe vekwavo chete, saRockwell.

Uye kune maartist kunze kwenyika ino, saPollock. Kana avo vane hunyanzvi hwave chigadzirwa chenzanga yevatengi. Izvi, hongu, ndezve Warhol.

Nekudaro, ivo vese maAmerican. Rusununguko-rudo, ushingi, wakajeka. Verenga pamusoro pezvinomwe pazasi.

1. James Whistler (1834-1903)

Muridzi haangambonzi muAmerica chaiye. Achikura, aigara muEurope. Uye akapedza huduku hwake zvachose ... muRussia. Baba vake vakavaka njanji muSt.

Yaiva ipapo apo mukomana James akawira murudo neunyanzvi, achishanyira Hermitage naPeterhof nekuda kwekubatana kwababa vake (zvino vakanga vachiri dzimba dzemadzimambo dzakavharwa kuvanhu).

Nei Whistler ane mukurumbira? Mutayera chero rupi zvarwo rwaanopenda, kubva pakuona kwechokwadi kusvika kune tonalism*, anogona kutokurumidza kuzivikanwa nezvinhu zviviri. Mavara asina kujairika uye mazita emimhanzi.

Mimwe yemifananidzo yake ndeyekutevedzera ekare masters. Kufanana, semuenzaniso, mufananidzo wake unozivikanwa "Amai Artist".

Nyanzvi yakagadzira basa rinoshamisa richishandisa mavara kubva pachiedza chegrey kusvika kune yakasviba grey. Uye imwe yero.

Asi izvi hazvirevi kuti Whistler aifarira mavara akadaro. Akanga ari munhu anoshamisa. Aigona kuoneka nyore munzanga mumasokisi eyero uye neamburera inopenya. Uye apa ndipo apo varume vaipfeka chete nhema uye grey.

Anewo mabasa akareruka kupfuura "Amai". Somuenzaniso, Symphony mu White. Saka mufananidzo wadaidzwa nemumwe wevatori venhau pashoo iyi. Whistler akafarira pfungwa iyi. Kubva ipapo, akadana anenge mabasa ake ose nenzira yemimhanzi.

Asi zvino, muna 1862, veruzhinji havana kufarira Symphony. Zvekare, nekuda kweWhistler's idiosyncratic color scheme. Zvaiita sezvisinganzwisisike kuvanhu kunyora mukadzi ane nguo chena pamavara machena.

Pamufananidzo tinoona vahosi vaWhistler vane bvudzi dzvuku. Zvakanyanya mumweya wePre-Raphaelites. Mushure mezvose, zvino muiti wacho aiva shamwari nemumwe wevatangi vePre-Raphaelism, Gabriel Rossetti. Runako, maruva, zvinhu zvisina kujairika (wolf skin). Zvinhu zvose zviri sezvazvinofanira kuva.

Asi Whistler akakurumidza kubva kune Pre-Raphaelism. Sezvo yakanga isiri kunaka kwekunze kwaikosha kwaari, asi manzwiro uye manzwiro. Uye akasika nzira itsva - tonalism.

Nzvimbo dzake dzehusiku muchimiro che tonalism dzinotaridzika semimhanzi. Monochrome, viscous.

Whistler pachake akati mazita emimhanzi anobatsira kutarisa mufananidzo wacho, mitsetse uye ruvara. Panguva imwecheteyo, pasina kufunga nezvenzvimbo uye vanhu vanoratidzwa.

Tonalism, uyewo pedyo nayo impressionism, pakati pezana remakore rechi19, voruzhinji havanawo kuororwa. Kure zvakanyanya kubva kune realism yakakurumbira panguva iyoyo.

Asi Whistler achave nenguva yekumirira kuzivikanwa. Pakupera kwehupenyu hwake, basa rake richatengwa nokuzvidira.

2. Mary Cassatt (1844-1926)

Mary Cassatt akaberekerwa mumhuri yakapfuma. Aigona kurarama hupenyu husina hanya. Roorai muite vana. Asi akasarudza imwe nzira. Azvipa mhiko yekusaroora nekuda kwekupenda.

Aiva shamwari Edgar Degas. Ndakasvika neChitatu impressionists, akatakurwa nokusingaperi negwara iri. Uye "Musikana ari muBlue Armchair" ndiro rekutanga basa rekuona rakaonekwa neveruzhinji.

Asi hapana akanyatsofarira mufananidzo. Muzana ramakore rechi 19, vana vairatidzirwa sengirozi dzakagara dzinoteerera, dzine mapete akamonereka uye matama akaisvonaka. Uye heino mwana anonyatso kufinhwa, akagara munzvimbo yakasununguka.

Asi akanga ari Mary Cassatt, asina kutongova navana vake amene, uyo akanga ari anenge ari wokutanga kuvaratidzira somuzvarirwo sezvavari.

Panguva iyoyo, Cassatt aive ne "chikanganiso" chakakomba. Akanga ari mukadzi. Akanga asingakwanisi kuenda oga kupaki kunopenda kubva kune zvakasikwa. Kunyanya kuenda kune cafe uko kwakaungana mamwe maartist. Varume vese! Chii chakanga chasara kwaari?

Nyora mapati etii evakadzi akashata mudzimba dzekutandarira dzine pombi dzemabhura nemaseti etii anodhura. Hupenyu hunoyerwa uye hunofinha kusingaperi.

Mary Cassatt haana kumirira kuzivikanwa. Pakutanga, akarambwa nekuda kwekufungidzira kwake uye kunofungidzirwa kuti hakuna kupera mifananidzo. Zvadaro, yatova muzana remakore rechi20, yakanga yakanyanyisa "yechinyakare", sezvo Art Nouveau yakanga iri mufashoni (Klimt) uye Fauvism (Matisse).

Asi akaramba akavimbika kumaitiro ake kusvika kumagumo. Impressionism. Soft pastel. Vanamai vane vana.

Nekuda kwekupenda, Cassatt akasiya humai. Asi hukadzi hwake hwakanga huchiwedzera kuratidzwa mumabasa akapfava akadai seSleeping Child. Zvinosiririsa kuti nzanga inochengetedza yakambomuisa pamberi pesarudzo yakadaro.

3. John Sargent (1856-1925)

John Sargent aiva nechokwadi chokuti aizova mufananidzo wemifananidzo yehupenyu hwake hwose. Basa rakanga richifamba zvakanaka. Aristocrat vakaita mudungwe kuti vamuraire.

Asi kamwe chete muimbi akayambuka mutsetse mumaonero evanhu. Iye zvino zvakaoma kuti tinzwisise izvo zvisingagamuchirwi mufirimu "Madame X".

Ichokwadi, mushanduro yepakutanga, heroine yakanga ine imwe yebralettes yakasiiwa. Sargent "akamutsa" wake, asi izvi hazvina kubatsira nyaya. Mirairo yashaya basa.

Zvii zvinonyadzisa zvakaonekwa neveruzhinji? Uye chokwadi chekuti Sargent airatidza modhi mune akanyanya kuzvivimba pose. Uyezve, ganda rinopenya uye nzeve yepinki inotaurisa.

Mufananidzo wacho, sezviri, unoti mukadzi uyu akawedzera bonde haarambe kubvuma kupfimbwa nevamwe varume. Uyezve, kuroora.

Sezvineiwo, seri kwenyaya iyi, vanhu vepanguva yake havana kuona hunyanzvi hwacho. Chipfeko chakasviba, ganda rakapfava, rine simba pose - musanganiswa wakapfava unogona kungowanikwa nevatenzi vane tarenda.

Asi hapana chakaipa pasina chakanaka. Sargent akagamuchira rusununguko mukudzoka. Akatanga kuedza zvakanyanya neimpressionism. Nyora vana mumamiriro ezvinhu pakarepo. Izvi ndizvo zvakaita basa "Carnation, Lily, Lily, Rose".

Sargent aida kutora nguva chaiyo yerubvunzavaeni. Saka ndaingoshanda 2minutes pazuva kana chiedza chaive chakanaka. Akashanda muzhizha uye matsutso. Uye apo maruva akasvava, iye akaatsiva naayo okugadzira.

Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, Sargent akapinda mukuravira kwerusununguko zvekuti akatanga kusiya mifananidzo zvachose. Kunyange zvazvo mukurumbira wake wakatodzorerwa. Akatozorasa imwe client yake achiti aizopenda gedhi nemufaro mukuru kudarika chiso chake.

Vanhu vepanguva iyoyo vaibata Sargent nehasha. Tichifunga kuti haichashandi munguva yemazuva ano. Asi nguva yakaisa zvinhu zvose panzvimbo yazvo.

Iye zvino basa rake harina kukosha kudarika basa remazuva ano anozivikanwa zvikuru. Zvakanaka, rega rudo rweruzhinji uye titaure chinhu. Zviratidziro nebasa rake zvinogara zvichitengeswa.

4. Norman Rockwell (1894-1978)

Zvakaoma kufungidzira muimbi ane mukurumbira munguva yehupenyu hwake kupfuura Norman Rockwell. Zvizvarwa zvinoverengeka zvevaAmerica zvakakurira pamifananidzo yake. Ndichivada nemoyo wangu wese.

Mushure mezvose, Rockwell airatidza vanhuwo zvavo vekuAmerica. Asi panguva imwe chete vachiratidza hupenyu hwavo kubva kune zvakanyanya kunaka. Rockwell aisada kuratidza madzibaba akaipa kana amai vasina hanya. Uye hauzosangana nevana vasingafari naye.

Mabasa ake azere nekuseka, mavara ane muto uye neunyanzvi hwakatorwa matauriro ehupenyu.

Asi manyepo kuti basa rakapihwa Rockwell zviri nyore. Kuti agadzire mufananidzo mumwe chete, aizotanga atora mapikicha anosvika zana nemhando dzake kuti atore masaini akakodzera.

Basa raRockwell rave nekukanganisa kukuru mupfungwa dzemamiriyoni evaAmerica. Pamusoro pazvo, aigara achitaura achibatsirwa nemifananidzo yake.

Munguva yeHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, akasarudza kuratidza izvo mauto enyika yake airwira. Akasika, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, mufananidzo "Rusununguko kubva Want". Muchimiro cheKutenda, iyo nhengo dzose dzemhuri, dzakadyiswa uye dzakagutsikana, dzinonakidzwa nezororo remhuri.

Mushure memakore makumi mashanu paMugovera Manheru Post, Rockwell akatamira kune yakanyanya democratic Look magazini, kwaakakwanisa kutaura zvigaro zvake pamagariro evanhu.

Basa rakajeka kupfuura mamwe makore iwayo "Dambudziko Ratinogara Naro".

Iyi ndiyo nyaya yechokwadi yemusikana mutema akaenda kuchikoro chevachena. Sezvo mutemo wakadzikwa wekuti vanhu (uye nekudaro masangano edzidzo) havafanirwe kupatsanurwa maererano nemarudzi.

Asi kutsamwa kwevagari vemo hakuna muganhu. Achienda kuchikoro, musikana akanga akarindwa nemapurisa. Heino "nguva" yakadaro uye yakaratidza Rockwell.

Kana iwe uchida kuziva hupenyu hwevaAmerica muchiedza chakashongedzwa zvishoma (sezvo ivo pachavo vaida kuzviona), iva nechokwadi chekutarisa mifananidzo yaRockwell.

Zvichida, pane vese vanyori vanopihwa munyaya ino, Rockwell ndiye muimbi weAmerica.

5. Andrew Wyeth (1917-2009)

Kusiyana naRockwell, Wyeth aive asina kunaka. Zvaainge akarasika, haana kuda kushongedza chero chinhu. Pane kudaro, airatidza nzvimbo dzakajairika uye zvinhu zvisingashamisi. Ingori munda wegorosi, imba yemapuranga chete. Asi akatokwanisa kuona mashiripiti mavari.

Basa rake rakakurumbira ndiro Nyika yaChristina. Wyeth akaratidza kuguma kwemumwe mukadzi, muvakidzani wake. Sezvo akanga akaoma rutivi rwomuviri kubvira achiri muduku, akakambaira achipoterera nharaunda yakapoteredza purazi rake.

Saka hapana chinhu cherudo mumufananidzo uyu, sezvazvingaita sepakutanga. Kana iwe ukanyatsotarisa, ipapo mukadzi ane hutete hunorwadza. Uye kuziva kuti makumbo e heroine akaoma mitezo, unonzwisisa nekusuwa kuti achiri kure sei kubva kumba.

Pakutanga kutarisa, Wyeth akanyora zvakanyanya zvisingaite. Heino hwindo rekare reimba yekare. Chidzitiro chine shavi chatotanga kushanduka kuita zvidimbu. Kunze kwefafitera kunosviba sango.

Asi pane chakavanzika mune zvese izvi. Kumwe kuona.

Saka vana vanokwanisa kutarisa nyika nechitarisiko chisingabviri. Ndizvo zvinoita Wyatt. Uye isu tinaye.

Nyaya dzese dzaWyeth dzaibatwa nemukadzi wake. Aiva murongi akanaka. Akanga ari iye akasangana nemamiziyamu nevaunganidzi.

Kudanana kwavo kwaive kushoma. Mumhanzi waifanira kuoneka. Uye akava nyore, asi ane chitarisiko chinoshamisa Helga. Izvi ndizvo zvatinoona mumabasa mazhinji.

Zvingaita sekuti tinongoona mufananidzo wemukadzi chete. Asi nokuda kwechimwe chikonzero, zvakaoma kuzvisiya. Maziso ake akaoma kunzwisisa, mapendekete ake akatsikitsira. Isu takaita setiri kunetsana naye mukati. Kunetseka kuwana tsananguro yemakakatanwa aya.

Achiratidza chokwadi mune zvese zvese, Wyeth akamupa zvemashiripiti nemanzwiro asingagone kusiya asina hanya.

Iyo nyanzvi haina kuzivikanwa kwenguva yakareba. Nehuchokwadi hwake, kunyangwe zvemashiripiti, haana kuenderana nemaitiro emazuva ano ezana ramakore rechi20.

Apo vashandi vomumyuziyamu vakatenga mabasa ake, vakaedza kuzviita chinyararire, pasina kukwezva ngwariro. Zviratidziro zvakanga zvisinganyanyi kurongwa. Asi kune shanje dzevemazuva ano, dzakagara dziri kubudirira kukuru. Vanhu vakauya vakaungana. Uye vachiri kuuya.

Verenga nezvemuimbi ane chinyorwa Nyika yaChristine. Andrew Wyeth's Masterpiece."

6. Jackson Pollock (1912-1956)

Jackson Pollock hazvibviri kufuratira. Akayambuka imwe mutsara mune unyanzvi, mushure mokunge kupenda kwaisagona kufanana. Akaratidza kuti mune unyanzvi, kazhinji, unogona kuita pasina miganhu. Pandakagadzika canvas pasi ndokumwaya nependi.

Uye iyi muimbi weAmerica akatanga neabstractionism, umo iyo yekufananidzira inogona kuteverwa. Mubasa rake rema40 "Shorthand Figure" tinoona maratidziro ezviso zvese nemaoko. Uye kunyange zvinonzwisisika kwatiri zviratidzo muchimiro chemuchinjikwa uye zero.

Basa rake rakarumbidzwa, asi vakanga vasina kukurumidza kutenga. Aive murombo sembeva yechechi. Uye akanwa asinganyadziswi. Pasinei nemuchato unofadza. Mudzimai wake akayemura tarenda rake uye akaita zvose kuti murume wake abudirire.

Asi Pollock pakutanga aive hunhu hwakaputsika. Kubva paudiki hwake, zvaive pachena kubva muzviito zvake kuti kufa kwekutanga ndiko kwaive kuguma kwake.

Kutyoka uku somugumisiro kuchamutungamirira kurufu pazera ramakore makumi mana namana. Asi achave nenguva yekuita shanduko mune zvehunyanzvi uye ave nemukurumbira.

Uye akazviita munguva yemakore maviri ekuzvidzora. Akakwanisa kushanda zvine zvibereko muna 1950-1952. Akaedza kwenguva refu kusvika asvika pahunyanzvi hwedrip.

Achiisa jira guru pauriri hweshedhi yake, akafamba achiipoteredza, ari, sokunge zvakadaro, mumufananidzo wacho umene. Uye kupfapfaidza kana kungodira pendi.

Iyi mifananidzo isina kujairika yakatanga kutengwa kubva kwaari nechido nekuda kwekutanga kwavo kunoshamisa uye hutsva.

Pollock akashamiswa nemukurumbira uye akawira mukuora mwoyo, asinganzwisisi kuti aizoenda kupi. Musanganiswa unouraya wedoro uye kuora mwoyo kwakamusiya asina mukana wekupona. Akambosvika kuseri kwevhiri akadhakwa zvikuru. Nguva yekupedzisira.

7. Andy Warhol (1928-1987)

Munyika chete ine chinamato chakadaro chekushandisa, semuAmerica, panogona kuzvarwa art art. Uye muvambi wayo mukuru aive, hongu, Andy Warhol.

Akave nemukurumbira wekutora zvinhu zvakajairika uye achizvishandura kuita basa reunyanzvi. Ndizvo zvakaitika kune soup can yaCampbell.

Sarudzo yacho haina kuitika netsaona. Amai Warhol vakadyisa mwanakomana wavo muto uyu mazuva ese kweanopfuura makore makumi maviri. Kunyangwe paakatamira kuNew York akatora amai vake navo.

Mushure mekuedza uku, Warhol akatanga kufarira kudhinda skrini. Kubva ipapo, akatora mifananidzo yenyeredzi dzepop ndokuipenda nemavara akasiyana.

Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo mufananidzo wake wakakurumbira Marilyn Monroe akaonekwa.

Mamiriyoni emhando dzakadaro dzeMarilyn acid dzakagadzirwa. Art Warhol akaisa parukova. Sezvinotarisirwa munharaunda yevatengi.

Zviso zvakapendwa zvakagadzirwa naWarhol nechikonzero. Uye zvakare, kwete pasina pesvedzero yaamai. Semwana, panguva yekurwara kwenguva refu kwemwanakomana wake, akamukwevera mapepa emabhuku ekupenda.

Iyi yekuzvivaraidza yehudiki yakakura ikava chimwe chinhu chakazova kadhi rake rekufona uye chakaita kuti apfume zvakanyanya.

Akapenda kwete chete nyeredzi dzepop, asiwo hunyanzvi hwevakamutangira. Ndazviwana uye "Venus" Botticelli.

Venus, saMarilyn, akaita zvakawanda. Kusarudzika kwebasa rehunyanzvi "kwadzimwa" neWarhol kuita hupfu. Sei munyori akaita izvi?

Kuita kuti mabasa ekare azivikanwe? Kana, zvakasiyana, edza kudzideredza? Kuti usafe nyeredzi dzepop? Kana kuti kusanganisa rufu nokutsvinya here?

Mabasa ake akapendwa aMadonna, Elvis Presley kana Lenin dzimwe nguva anonyanya kuzivikanwa kupfuura mapikicha epakutanga.

Asi mabasa ounyanzvi kashoma kuti afukidzwe. Zvakangofanana, iyo yekutanga "Venus" inoramba isingakoshi.

Warhol aifarira mapati-goer, achikwezva vazhinji vakadzingwa. Vakapindwa muropa nezvinodhaka, vatambi vakakundikana kana kuti vanhu vasina kudzikama. Imwe yacho yakambomupfura.

Warhol akapona. Asi makore 20 gare gare, nokuda kwemigumisiro yeronda raakanga ambotambura, akafa ari oga muimba yake.

US melting poto

Pasinei nenhoroondo pfupi yeAmerican art, huwandu hwacho hwakakura. Pakati peAmerican artists pane Impressionists (Sargent), uye mashiripiti realists (Wyeth), uye abstract expressionists (Pollock), uye mapiyona epop art (Warhol).

Zvakanaka, vanhu vekuAmerica vanoda rusununguko rwekusarudza mune zvese. Mazana emasangano. Mazana emarudzi. Mazana enzira dzekudhirowa. Ndicho chikonzero iye ari poto inonyunguduka yeUnited States of America.

* Tonalism - monochrome nzvimbo dzegrey, bhuruu kana shava mimvuri, kana mufananidzo wacho wakaita sekunge uri mumhute. Tonalism inoonekwa sechikamu chekufungidzira, sezvo ichiburitsa fungidziro yemunyori wezvaakaona.

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