Diamond kugaya - zvese nezve kuchekwa kwakakwana kwemadhaimani

Mavambo eunyanzvi hukuru hwekupenya matombo anokosha anodzokera kumashure ekare. Nechekare vaSumer, vaAsiria navaAkkid vaizvikudza pamusoro pezvishongo zvakaisvonaka uye mazango, umo matombo anokosha akanga akagadzikwa, achiri akatenderera uye asina kurondedzerwa zvikuru, asi akakwenenzverwa zvakaisvonaka. Zvishandiso zvewhetstones zvakapihwa kumunhu nemasikirwo ega, zvichiratidza kupenya kwemakristasi mazhinji akaumbwa nemazvo. Munhu, kutevedzera zvisikwa, nzira yekukuya, kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwekombiyuta, inongokurumidza uye yakagadziridzwa, ichimutsa kunaka kunogona kuitika kwematombo sekunge kubva pakurota.

Kuedza kwekutanga kupukuta madhaimondi kwakatangira muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, uye chimiro chekuchekwa kwakanaka, kuchiri kusakwana, kusvika kuzana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Kutenda nekucheka uku, nekuda kwehuwandu hwakanyatsotsanangurwa, kuti ikozvino tinogona kuyemura akawanda anoshamisa emeso. migumisiro yemadhaimani, iyo nyanzvi dzematombo dzinodana kupenya.

Mafomu ekudzidza

Mineralogically, dhaimondi is pure carbon (C). Iyo inopenya muhurongwa hwakakodzera, kazhinji muchimiro cheoctahedron (Fig. 1), isingawanzoiti tetra-, nhanhatu-, gumi nembiri-, uye kashoma octahedron (Fig. 1). Ehe, pasi pemamiriro echisikigo, akagadzirwa zvakakwana makristasi akachena haawanzo uye kazhinji madiki. Makristasi makuru anowanzo morphologically asina kugadzirwa zvakanaka (mufananidzo 2). Vazhinji vavo vane mosaic chimiro semhedzisiro yemapatya akawanda kana adhesion; makristasi mazhinji ane mipendero, uye madziro akakombama, akaomarara, kana akakombama. Kune zvakare akaremara kana etched makristasi; kuumbwa kwavo kwakabatana zvakanyanya nemamiriro ekuumbwa uye kunotevera kuparara (pamusoro etching). Spinel-mhando mapatya akajairika mafomu, umo iyo ndege yekubatanidza ndiyo ndege ye octahedron (111). Mapatya akawanda anozivikanwawo, achigadzira zvimiro zvakaita nyeredzi. Kune zvakare kusarongeka kwekunamatira. Mienzaniso yemhando dzakajairika mumasikirwo inoratidzwa mufig. 2. Kune madhaimondi anokosha (akachena, anenge akakwana makristasi) uye madhaimondi eunyanzvi, ayo akakamurwa kuita mapuranga, carbonados, ballas, nezvimwewo maererano ne mineralogical maitiro. grey kana dema. Ballas kuunganidzwa kwezviyo, kazhinji zvechimiro chinopenya uye grey ruvara. Carbonado, inozivikanwawo sedhaimani dema, inonzi cryptocrystalline."Zvose zvakagadzirwa nedhaimondi kubvira kare zvinofungidzirwa pa 4,5 bhiriyoni carats, ine kukosha kwe $ 300 bhiriyoni."

Diamond kugaya

Mavambo eunyanzvi hukuru hwekupenya madhaimondi akadzokera kumashure. Zvinozivikanwa kuti maSumerians, vaAsiriya nemaBabironi vaitozvirumbidza nematombo akachekwa anoshandiswa sezvishongo, mazango kana maturu. Zvinozivikanwawo kuti matombo ekukuya akakurudzirwa nemasikirwo acho pachawo, achiratidza nzvimbo dzemakristasi akawanda akanyatsogadzirwa achipenya nekupenya, kana matombo akanyoroveswa nemvura ane kupenya kwakasimba uye chimiro chemavara. Nokudaro, vakatevedzera zvisikwa nekukwesha matombo asina kuoma ane akaoma, achivapa denderedzwa, asi asymmetrical, chimiro chisina kukwana. Kukwenenzverwa kwematombo kuita symmetrical shape kwakauya pave paya. Nekufamba kwenguva, chimiro chemazuva ano checabochon chakashanduka kubva kune zvimiro zvakatenderedzwa; Kune zvakare nzvimbo dzakati sandara panogadzirwa kunyora. Sezvineiwo, kugadziridzwa kwematombo ane zviso zvakarongeka zvakaenzanirana (mativi) kwaizivikanwa pave paya pane kuvezwa kwematombo. Matombo akatsetseka ane madziro akarongwa akaenzana, ayo atinoyemura nhasi, anongobva kuMiddle Ages. 

Matanho ekukwenenzvera madhaimani

Mukugadzirisa madhaimondi, vanocheka vanomira pachena 7 matanho.Chekutanga danho - iyo nhanho yekugadzirira, iyo iyo dhaimani yakaoma inoiswa pasi pekuongororwa kwakadzama. Izvo zvinonyanya kukosha ndeye chimiro uye rudzi rwekristaro, kuchena kwayo uye ruvara. Maumbirwo akareruka emadhaimani (cube, octahedron, rhombic dodecahedron) anonyatso kukanganiswa mumamiriro echisikigo. Kashoma, makristasi edhaimani anogumira kune zviso zvakati sandara uye mipendero yakatwasuka. Vanowanzo kutenderedzwa kune madhigirii akasiyana uye vanogadzira nzvimbo dzisina kuenzana. Convex, concave kana skeletal mafomu anotungamira. Panguva imwecheteyo, kunze kwemafomu akareruka, akawanda kana mashoma asina kukanganisa, mafomu akaoma anogonawo kubuda, ayo ari musanganiswa wemafomu akareruka kana mapatya avo. Izvo zvakare zvinogoneka kutaridzika kwemakristasi akaremara, ayo akarasikirwa zvakanyanya nechimiro chavo chepakutanga checube, octahedron kana rhombic dodecahedron. Naizvozvo, zvinodikanwa kuti unyatso kunyatsoziva izvi zvese zvinokanganisa deformation zvinogona kukanganisa iyo inotevera nzira yekugadzirisa, uye kuronga maitiro nenzira yekuti goho remadhaimani akachekwa akakwira zvakanyanya sezvinobvira. Rudzi rwemadhaimondi haruna kuenderana nechimiro chekristaro. Sezvineiwo, zvakaonekwa kuti orthorhombic dodecahedron kazhinji yero muruvara, nepo octahedron kazhinji isina ruvara. Panguva imwecheteyo, mumakristasi akawanda, ruvara inhomogeneity inogona kuitika, inosanganisira zonal uye zvakajeka zvakasiyana-siyana ruvara saturation. Naizvozvo, kunyatsotemerwa kweiyo misiyano iyi inewo mhedzisiro yakakosha pakugadziriswa uye kunotevera kunaka kwematombo akakwenenzverwa. Chechitatu chakakosha chinofanirwa kutariswa padanho rekutanga kuchena kwedhaimani. Nokudaro, rudzi uye chimiro chekubatanidzwa, ukuru, chimiro chekugadzira, huwandu uye kugoverwa mukristini zvinoongororwa. Nzvimbo uye hukuru hwema chip marks, kuputsika kwekuputika uye kushungurudza kuputika, i.e. kuvhiringidzika kwese kwemaitiro kunogona kukanganisa nzira yekukuya uye kunokanganisa kuongororwa kunotevera kwehutano hwebwe, kunotsanangurwawo. Parizvino, computed tomography nzira dzakaratidza kuva dzinobatsira zvakanyanya panyaya iyi. Iyi nzira, nekuda kwekushandiswa kwechigadzirwa chakakodzera, inopa mufananidzo wedhaimondi ine mativi matatu ane hurema hwayo hwemukati, nekuda kwekuti, kuburikidza nekombiyuta yekuenzanisa, mabasa ose ane chokuita nekukuya anogona kunyatsorongwa. Chipingamupinyi chakakosha pakupararira kweiyi nzira, zvinosuruvarisa, kudhura kwakanyanya kwechigadzirwa, ndosaka vageyi vazhinji vachiri kushandisa nzira dzechinyakare dzekuongorora kwekuona, vachishandisa iyi "hwindo" diki diki, raimbova pasi pane chimwe chezvikamu. zvekristaro.Chikamu chechipiri - kuputika kwekristaro. Kuvhiya uku kunowanzoitwa pane asina kugadzirwa, akaremara, akamonereka kana akanyanya kusvibiswa makristasi. Ichi chiitiko chinoda ruzivo rwakawanda uye ruzivo. Chinokosha ndechekuparadzanisa kristaro nenzira yekuti zvikamu zvaro hazvisi zvakakura sezvinobvira, asiwo zvakachena sezvinobvira, kureva kuti, kukodzera kwekuwedzera kwekugadzirisa kunofanira kuwirirana nematombo ari kugadziriswa. Naizvozvo, kana kupatsanurwa, kutariswa kwakawanda kunobhadharwa kwete chete kune zvinogona kupatsanurwa nzvimbo (cleavage ndege), asiwo kune imwe nguva mukana wekubvisa akasiyana marudzi ekunze uye emukati kuremara, senge makatsemuka, mapatya mapatya, akajeka mavara e cleavage, zvakakosha inclusions, etc. Zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti dhaimondi iro rinoratidzwa ne octahedral cleavage (pamwe ne (111) ndege), uye naizvozvo nzvimbo dzinokwanisa kuparadzanisa idzo ndege dze octahedron. Ehe, iyo yakanyanya kujeka tsananguro yavo ndeye, iyo inonyanya kushanda uye yakavimbika mashandiro ese achange ari, kunyanya tichifunga nezve yakakwirira fragility yedhaimondi.Chechitatu chikamu - sawing (crystal cutting). Kuvhiya uku kunoitwa pamakristasi makuru akaumbwa zvakanaka muchimiro checube, octahedron uye orthorhombic dodecahedron, chero kupatsanurwa kwekristaro kuita zvikamu kwakarongwa pachine nguva. Pakucheka, masaha anokosha (saws) ane phosphor bronze discs anoshandiswa (mufananidzo 3).Chikamu chechina - kutanga kukuya, iyo inosanganisira kuumbwa kwechimiro (Fig. 3). Rondist inoumbwa, ndiko kuti, mutsetse unoparadzanisa chikamu chepamusoro (korona) yebwe kubva pachikamu chayo chepasi (pavilion). Panyaya yekucheka kwakajeka, rondist ine denderedzwa raundi.Chikamu chechishanu - kugaya kwakaringana, kunosanganisira kukuya pamberi pedombo, ipapo collet uye zviso zvikuru zvekorona uye pavilion (mufananidzo 4). Iyo nzira inopedzisa kuumbwa kwezviso zvakasara. Pamberi pekutanga kwekucheka mabasa, matombo anosarudzwa kuti aone nzira dzekucheka, iyo inosanganiswa neiyo iripo anisotropy yekuoma. Mutemo mukuru pakupukuta madhaimondi ndeyekuchengetedza pamusoro pedombo rakafanana nemadziro e cube (100), madziro e octahedron (111) kana madziro edhaimondi dodecahedron (110) (Fig. 4). Kubva pane izvi, marudzi matatu ezvipembenene anosiyaniswa: rhombus ina-inota (Fig. 4a), rhombus katatu (Fig. 4b) uye rhombus mbiri (Fig. 5), fig. muri). Yakave yakaongororwa kuti zviri nyore kukuya ndege dzakafanana nefourfold symmetry axis. Ndege dzakadaro zviso zvecube uye rhombic dodecahedron. Zvakare, ndege dze octahedron dzakarerekera kune aya matemo ndidzo dzakanyanya kuoma kugaya. Uye sezvo mazhinji ezviso zvakakuyiwa zvakangoenderana zvakanyanya neyechina-yekurongeka symmetry axis, nzira dzekukuya dzinosarudzwa dziri padhuze kune rimwe remasanhu aya. Iko kushandiswa kunoshanda kweanisotropy yekuomarara pamuenzaniso wekucheka kwakajeka kunoratidzwa muonde. XNUMX.Danho rechitanhatu - kupenya, kuenderera mberi kwekukuya. Akakodzera polishing discs uye pastes anoshandiswa pane izvi.danho rechinomwe - kutarisa kururamisa kwekucheka, kuenzana kwayo uye symmetry, uyezve kuchenesa nekubikira mune mhinduro yeasidhi, kunyanya sulfuric acids.

Kuwedzera uremu

Kuwanda kwegoho remakristasi edhaimani akapwanyika kunoenderana nechimiro chavo (chimiro), uye kupararira kwehuwandu kunogona kuve kwakakosha. Izvi zvinosimbiswa neiyo data yakaverengerwa, zvichienderana nekuti goho remadhaimani rakachekwa kubva kumhando dzakagadzirwa zvakanaka rinenge 50-60% yehuremu hwekutanga, nepo nemaumbirwo akaremara anongoita 30% chete, uye ane maumbirwo akatsetseka, mapatya. zvinongova 10– 20% (mufananidzo 5, 1-12).

YAKATARA MAsvosve BRILLIARIA

rosette kucheka

Iyo rosette yekucheka ndiyo yekutanga kuchekwa kushandisa mativi akati sandara. Zita rechimiro ichi rinobva kurozi; mhedzisiro yekubatanidza kumwe kufanana mukurongeka kwezvikamu mudombo nekurongeka kwemavara erozi rakagadzirwa zvakanaka. Iyo rosette yekucheka yakashandiswa zvakanyanya muzana remakore rechitanhatu; pari zvino, haisati yashandiswa uye kunyanya pakugadzirisa zvidimbu zviduku zvematombo, izvo zvinonzi. makle. Munguva yeVictorian, yakashandiswa kukuya garnet yakatsvuka yakadzika, iyo yakanga iri fashoni panguva iyoyo. Matombo akatarisana anongova nechikamu chepamusoro chakatarisana, nepo chikamu chepasi chiri chigadziko chakapepereswa chakati sandarara. Chikamu chepamusoro chakaita sepiramidhi rine zviso zvine mativi matatu zvichitenderera pakona huru kana diki yakananga kumusoro. Mafomu akareruka ekucheka rosette anoratidzwa mufig. 6. Mamwe marudzi ekucheka rosette ikozvino anozivikanwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira: yakazara Dutch rosette (fig. 7 a), Antwerp kana Brabant rosette (fig. 7 b) nevamwe vakawanda. Panyaya yefomu mbiri, iyo inogona kurondedzerwa sechinhu chekutanga chekubatanidza kwemafomu maviri ega, chidimbu cheDutch chinowanikwa.

Tile kucheka

Iyi ingangove yekutanga faceted kucheka yakachinjirwa kune octagonal chimiro chedhaimani crystal. Chimiro chayo chakareruka chakafanana neoctahedron ine maviri truncated vertices. Muchikamu chepamusoro, girazi regirazi rakaenzana nehafu yemuchinjikwa we octahedron muchikamu chayo chakafara, muchikamu chezasi ihafu yakawanda. Tile yekucheka yaishandiswa zvakanyanya nemaIndia ekare. Yakaunzwa kuEurope muhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore re8 neNuremberg grinders. Kune marudzi akawanda emapuranga akachekwa, pakati pawo anonzi Mazarin akachekwa (Fig. 8a) uye Peruzzi (Fig. XNUMXb), akapararira muFrance neItaly muzana remakore rechiXNUMX. Parizvino, kutema tile kunonyanya kushandiswa mufomu yakanaka kwazvo; Matombo akachekwa nenzira iyi anoita seakavharira madiki akasiyana akaiswa, semuenzaniso, muzvindori.

akatsika akacheka

Iyo prototype yeiyi fomu yekucheka, ikozvino yakajairika, yaive tile yakatemwa. Iyo inoratidzirwa nehombe sandara pamusoro (panel) yakakomberedzwa nenhevedzano yerectangular facets yakafanana nematanho. Muchikamu chepamusoro chedombo, zvikamu zvinokura zvishoma nezvishoma, zvichidzika zvakadzika kusvika kumucheto waro wakafara; muchikamu chezasi chedombo, iwo akafanana rectangular facets anooneka, nhanho achidzika kuzasi kwechigadziko. Rondedzero yedombo inogona kuve yakaenzana, rectangular, triangular, rhombic kana fancy: kite, nyeredzi, kiyi, nezvimwe. A rectangular kana square cut with cut corners (an octagonal contour of the stone in the rondist plane) inonzi emerald cut (Fig. 9). Matombo maduku, akatsika uye akareba, rectangular kana trapezoidal, anozivikanwa sebaguettes (French baquette) (Fig. 10 a, b); Musiyano wavo ibwe rakachekwa nhanho-nhanho rinonzi carré (Fig. 10c).

Old brilliant cuts

Mukuita zvishongo, zvinowanzoitika kuti madhaimondi ane kucheka kwakasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune "yakanaka" zviyero. Kazhinji, aya madhaimondi akachekwa-kare akaitwa muzana remakore rechi11 kana mberi. Madhaimani akadaro haaratidze zvinoshamisa maoptical maitiro seaya akachekwa nhasi. Madhaimondi ekare akachekwa akachekwa anogona kukamurwa kuita mapoka maviri, panoshanduka pano iri pakati pezana ramakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe. Madhaimondi enguva yakare anowanzova nechimiro chedombo chakafanana neskweya (inonzi cushion), ane zvakawanda kana zvishoma convex. mativi. , chimiro chechimiro chezviso, nheyo huru kwazvo uye hwindo duku (Mufananidzo 12). Madhaimondi akachekwa mushure menguva iyi anewo nzvimbo diki uye yakakura truncated collet, zvisinei, iyo yedombo yakatenderedzwa kana padyo nekutenderera uye kurongeka kwezvikamu kwakanyatso symmetrical (fig. XNUMX).

BRILLIANT CUT

Ruzhinji rwekuchekwa kwakajeka kunoshandiswa kumadhaimondi, saka zita rekuti "kupenya" rinowanzoonekwa serinofanana nezita redhaimondi. Kucheka kwakanaka kwakagadzirwa muzana ramakore rechi 13 (mamwe magwaro anoratidza kuti yaizivikanwa kare sezana ramakore re33) nemuguyo weVenetian Vincenzio Peruzzi. Izwi remazuva ano rekuti "dhaimani" (Fig. 25, a) rinoreva chimiro chakatenderera chine 1 facets muchikamu chepamusoro (korona), kusanganisira girazi, uye muchikamu chepasi (pavilion) chine zviso zvisere, kusanganisira makoko. Zviso zvinotevera zvinosiyaniswa: 8) muchikamu chepamusoro (korona) - hwindo, zviso gumi nematanhatu zvehwindo, 8 zviso zvikuru zvekorona, 16 zviso zverondist korona (Fig. 13 b); 2) muchikamu chepasi (pavilion) - 8 zviso zvikuru zvepavilion, 16 zviso zve rondist pavilion, tsar (Fig. 13 c) Mutsara unoparadzanisa zvikamu zvepamusoro nepamusoro zvinonzi rondist; inopa dziviriro kubva mukukuvadzwa kumicheto inotenderera yezvikamu. 

Tarisa zvakare yedu muunganidzwa weruzivo nezve mamwe matombo anokosha:

• Dhaimondi / Dhaimondi
• Rubin
• amethiste
• Aquamarine
• Agate
• ametrine
• Sapphire
• Emerald
• Topaz
• Tsimofan
• Jadeite
• morganite
• howlite
• Peridot
• Alexandrite
• Heliodor