Zvinorehwa nematombo anokosha munhoroondo

Sezvo matombo anokosha akava shongedzero, kuedza kwakakurumidza kuitwa kuaisa mumapoka. matombo akanaka uye akaipisisaВ zvakanyanya uye zvisinganyanyi kukosha. Izvi zvinosimbiswa nezvinyorwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvenhoroondo. Tinoziva, somuenzaniso, kuti vaBhabhironi navaAsiria vakakamura mabwe aizivikanwa kwavari kuva mapoka matatu oukoshi husingaenzaniswi. Yokutanga, yakakosha zvikuru, yaiva matombo akabatanidzwa nemapuraneti. Izvi zvinosanganisira madhaimani ane hukama neMercury, masafire ane hukama neUranus, turquoise neSaturn, opals ane Jupiter, uye amethysts nePasi. Boka rechipiri - rakaumbwa nenyeredzi, raisanganisira garnet, agates, topazes, heliodor, hyacinth nevamwe. Boka rechitatu - renyika, raisanganisira maparera, amber uye makorari.

Matombo anokosha aibatwa sei kare?

Mamiriro ezvinhu akanga akasiyana muIndia, uko chaizvoizvo marudzi maviri ematombo akaiswa mumapoka - madhaimondi uye corundum (marubhi nesafiro). Kare pakutanga kwezana remakore rechina nerechipiri BC, muzivi mukuru weIndia uye muzivi wematombo eKautilya mubasa rake rinonzi "Sayenzi Yekushandisa (Benefits)" akasiyanisa mapoka mana emadhaimondi. Yakanyanya kukosha yaive madhaimondi akajeka uye asina ruvara "sedombo rekristaro", yechipiri yaive brownish-yellow madhaimondi "semeso etsuro", yechitatu yaive "yakacheneruka yakasvibira", uye yechina yaive "Chinese-mavara" madhaimondi. Rose". Kuedza kwakafanana kurongedza matombo kwakaitwa nevafungi vakuru vekare, muGreece naTheocritus weSirac, Plato, Aristotle, Theophrastus, muRoma nevamwe. Solinius naPliny Mukuru. Iwo ekupedzisira aifunga nezvematombo anokosha zvikuru "anopenya nekubwinya kukuru" kana "kuratidza ruvara rwavo rwoumwari." Akavadaidza kuti matombo e“chirume” achisiyana nematombo “echikadzi”, ayo aiwanzova “akacheneruka uye ane kupenya kuri pakati nepakati”. Kuedza kwakafanana kurongedza matombo kunogona kuwanikwa muvanyori vakawanda vekare.

Panguva iyoyo, pakanga pane chitendero chinozivikanwa chekare kuti matombo anokosha ane zvinhu zvinobatsira zvakasiyana. iyo inogona kupesvedzera zvakanaka kuguma kwemunhu, kunyanya kana ichishandiswa nenzira yemaamulets uye talismans. Aive maonero aya esimba remashiripiti rematombo akanyanya kusimbiswa nevanyori vekare mukuedza kwese kwekuisa zvikamu. Nokudaro, matombo akatanga kusiyanisa, simba rinokonzera iro raiva duku. Uye iyi yaive nhanho yekupatsanura matombo kuita matombo anosvikirwa nemadhimoni nematombo asingaenderane nekuita kwemweya yakaipa.

Masimba Asina Kujairika Anokonzerwa neGems

Zvichipesana nemashure ezvese izvi zvisinganzwisisike kana zvemashiripiti zvaunofarira, basa reAl-Biruni (Abu Reyhan Biruni, 973-1048) rinofanirwa kutariswa zvakanyanya. akaronga kuedza kwakasiyana zvachose kurongedza matombo. Inonyanya kukosha yaiva matombo matsvuku (rubies, spinels, garnet), boka rechipiri risina kukosha raiva madhaimondi (kunyanya nekuda kwekuoma kwavo!), Boka rechitatu raiva maparera, makorari uye amai-ve-pearl, boka rechina rakanga rakasvibirira. uye bhuruu-girinhi (emeralds , malachite, jade uye lapis lazuli). Boka rakaparadzana raisanganisira zvinhu zve organic mavambo, zvinosanganisira amber uye jet, iyo inofanirwa kutorwa sechiitiko chinofanirwa kutariswa, pamwe nekusarudzwa kwegirazi uye porcelain sematombo ekugadzira.

Matombo anokosha muMiddle Ages

W dMukutanga kweMiddle Ages, kuedza kurongedza matombo kwainyanya kuenderana nemaitiro avo erunako kana zvazvino zvaunofarira.. Zvinyorwa zvenhoroondo zvinopa mienzaniso yezvido zvakadai sehwaro hwekuisa mumapoka. Semuenzaniso, mukutanga kweMiddle Ages, masafire ebhuruu uye rima repepuru amethysts ainyanya kukoshesa. Munguva yeRenaissance uye mberi - rubies, safiro, madhaimondi uye emerald. Paivawo nenguva apo madhaimani nemaparera zvaiva pakati pematombo anokosha zvikuru. Kuedza kwekutanga kwemazuva ano kurongedza matombo kwakaratidzwa muna 1860 neGermany mineralogist C. Kluge. Akakamura matombo aizivikanwa kwaari kuita mapoka maviri: matombo anokosha uye mamwe matombo anokosha. Mumapoka ose ari maviri, akacherechedza 5 makirasi ehutsika. Matombo anonyanya kukosha (I class) anosanganisira madhaimondi, corundum, chrysoberyl uye spinels, iyo isinganyanyi kukosha (V kirasi) inosanganisira: jet, jade, serpentine, alabaster, malachite, rhodochrosite.

Matombo anokosha muNhoroondo Yemazuva Ano

Imwe pfungwa yakati siyanei uye yakawedzera zvakanyanya yekugadzika yakaunzwa muna 1920 neRussia mineralogist uye gemologist A. Fersman, uye mu70s. uye mamwe masayendisiti eRussia (B. Marenkov, V. Sobolev, E. Kevlenko, A. Churup) maitiro akasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira chiyero chekukosha chinoratidzwa nekushayikwa, maitiro uye zvido zvakaonekwa mumakore, pamwe chete nezvimwe zvinhu zvemuviri nemakemikari zvakadai se. kuoma, kubatana, kujeka, ruvara nezvimwe. Mhedzisiro inosvika kure zvikuru yeiyi nzira yakanga iri kupatsanurwa kwakarongwa naA. Churup. Akakamura matombo muzvikamu zvitatu: zvishongo (zvakakosha), zvishongo-zvinoshongedza uye zvekushongedza. Zvishongo (anokosha) matombo pakutanga makristasi akaumbwa zvakanaka (makristasi mamwe) uye haawanzo kuunganidzwa ane madhigirii akasiyana e automorphism. Matombo ekirasi iyi akakamurwa nemunyori mumapoka akati wandei, zvichibva pamaitiro etekinoroji, kusanganisira kuomarara. Nekuda kweizvi, madhaimani aive munzvimbo yekutanga, pazasi pemhando dze corundum, beryllium, chrysoberyl, tourmaline, spinel, garnet nevamwe.

Ivo vakaiswa mune yakaparadzana, sokunge kirasi yakaparadzana matombo ane optical effectszvakadai sekutamba kwemavara (kupenya), opalescence, kubwinya (kupenya) - anokosha opals, moonstone, labrador, uye mukirasi yepasi turquoise, makorari anokosha nemaparera. Boka rechipiri, repakati pakati pematombo anokosha uye ekushongedza, rinosanganisira matombo epakati kana akadzika kuomarara, asi kubatana kwakakwirira, pamwe chete nematombo akasimba kana ane mavara mavara (jade, agate, falcon's uye tiger maziso, lapis lazuli, streamers, etc.) . Chikumbiro cheboka iri, sezviri, pakati pezvishongo uye zvishongo, zvaive mutero kumazana emakore ekushongedza tsika nemunyori. Boka rechitatu rinosanganisira matombo ekushongedza, munyori akaronga mamwe matombo ose ane unhu hwekushongedza zvakanyanya kuipa kupfuura izvo zvataurwa, pamwe chete nematombo ekuoma kwakaderera, pasi uye zvishoma pamusoro pe3 pachiyero cheMohs. Kugamuchirwa kwemaitiro etekinoroji sehwaro hwekugadzika kwematombo hakugone kupa mhedzisiro yakanaka. Iyo yakarongwa sisitimu yakange isingachabatanidzwe neiyo chaiyo yezvishongo, izvo maitiro ekurongedza akakosha sekukosha kwedombo, rarity kana macroscopic zvimiro senge optical mhedzisiro, uye dzimwe nguva zvakare iyo microphysical uye kemikari zvimiro zvematombo. Nekuda kwekuti mapoka aya haana kuverengerwa muchikamu, chirevo chaA. Churupa, kunyangwe chemazuva ano uye nedzidziso chakarurama mukuumbwa kwayo, hachina kushandiswa mukuita. Saka yaive imwe yeakawanda - yakashambadzirwa zvakanyanya muPoland - isina kubudirira kuedza kuisa matombo.

Parizvino, nekuda kwekushaikwa kwayo, gemologists vanowanzo shandisa zvakajairika uye zvisina kujeka tsananguro. Uye saka kune boka rematombo:

1) yakakosha - izvi zvinosanganisira kunyanya zvicherwa zvinoumbwa mumasikirwo pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu echisikigo, izvo zvinoratidzwa nekugara kwemuviri zvinhu uye kupikisa kwakanyanya kune zvinhu zvemakemikari. Aya matombo, akachekwa nemazvo, anosiyaniswa nehupamhi hwekunakisa uye hwekushongedza hunhu (ruvara, kupenya, kupenya uye mamwe maitiro optical). 2) Kushongedza - inosanganisira matombo, kazhinji monomineral matombo, zvicherwa uye zvinhu zvinoumbwa mune zvakasikwa pasi pemamiriro echisikigo (organic mavambo) uye kuva neanogara akasimba hunhu. Mushure mekupenya, vane zvinhu zvekushongedza. Zvinoenderana nerudzi urwu, boka rinonyanya kuzivikanwa rematombo ekushongedza rinosanganisira echisikigo maparera, akasimwa maparera, uye munguva pfupi yapfuura zvakare amber. Musiyano uyu hauna zvikonzero zvinotsigira uye ndezvazvo zvekutengesa. Kazhinji mumabhuku ehunyanzvi unogona kuwana izwi rekuti "matombo ezvishongo". Iri izwi haritauri kune chero boka rematombo, asi rinoratidza kushandiswa kwavo. Izvi zvinoreva kuti matombo ezvishongo anogona kuve ese echisikigo akakosha uye ekushongedza matombo, uye ekugadzira matombo kana zvigadzirwa zvekugadzira izvo zvisina analogue mumasikirwo, pamwe nemhando dzakasiyana dzekutevedzera uye kutevedzera.

Yakarurama uye yakanyatsotsanangurwa gemological concepts, mazita uye mazwi, pamwe nekusiyana kwavo kupatsanurwa, zvakakosha zvikuru pakutengeserana kwezvishongo. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti ivo vanofambisa kutaurirana uye kudzivirira marudzi akasiyana ekushungurudzwa, zvese nemaune uye netsaona.

Ose ari maviri akakomba gemological masangano uye hurumende dzenyika zhinji vanoziva izvi, vachiedza kurwisa izvi zvisingafadzi zviitiko nekupa marudzi akasiyana ezviito zvemutemo zvinodzivirira musika wevatengi. Asi dambudziko rekubatanidza mazita nemashoko pasi rose idambudziko rakaomanaizvozvo, hazvifaniri kutarisirwa kuti zvichagadziriswa nokukurumidza. Kana ichaitwa nekusimbiswa, uye kuti chiyero chayo chii, zvakaoma kufanotaura nhasi.

Compendium yeRuzivo - dzidza nezvese matombo anokosha

Tarisa zvedu muunganidzwa weruzivo nezvese matombo anokosha inoshandiswa muzvishongo

• Dhaimondi / Dhaimondi
• Rubin
• amethiste
• Aquamarine
• Agate
• ametrine
• Sapphire
• Emerald
• Topaz
• Tsimofan
• Jadeite
• morganite
• howlite
• Peridot
• Alexandrite
• Heliodor