Anarchism, libertarianism, nyika isina nyika

Anarchism ipfungwa yezvematongerwo enyika kana boka redzidziso nemafungiro akanangana nekuramba chero rudzi rwekutonga kwekumanikidza (nyika) uye kutsigira kubviswa kwayo. Anarchism mupfungwa yayo yakajairika ndeyekutenda kuti marudzi ese ehurumende haadiwe uye anofanirwa kubviswa.

Anarchism, mubatanidzwa wezvitendero zvakawanda wepfungwa dzinopokana nemvumo, wakakura mukukakavadzana pakati pemaitiro maviri akapesana: kuzvipira kwemunhu kune kuzvitonga kwega uye kuzvipira kwemubatanidzwa kurusununguko rwemagariro. Aya maitiro haasati amboyananiswa munhoroondo yemafungiro erusununguko. Zvirokwazvo, kweakawanda ezana ramakore rapfuura ivo vakangovepo-mukati mukati mevanarchism sekutenda kushoma kwekupokana nenyika, kwete sechitendero chepamusoro chinoumba rudzi rwenzanga itsva kuti iumbwe panzvimbo yayo. Izvo hazvireve kuti zvikoro zvakasiyana zveanarchism hazvisi

tsigira nzira dzakananga dzesangano renzanga, kunyange zvazvo kazhinji kazhinji dzakasiyana zvikuru kubva kune mumwe. Muchidimbu, zvisinei, mhirizhonga muruzhinji yakasimudzira icho Isaiah Berlin akadana kuti "rusununguko rusina kunaka", kureva "rusununguko kubva" pane "rusununguko" chairwo. Zvirokwazvo, anarchism yagara ichipemberera kuzvipira kwayo kune rusununguko rwakashata sehumbowo hwekuwanda kwayo, kushivirira kwepfungwa, kana hunyanzvi - kana kunyangwe, sekupokana kwazvinoitwa nevatsigiri vemazuva ano, kusapindirana kwayo. Kukundikana kweAnarchism kugadzirisa kusawirirana uku, kutaura hukama hwemunhu kune boka, uye kutaura mamiriro ezvinhu ezvakaitika kare akaita kuti nzanga isina nyika yeanarchist igoneke, yakagadzira matambudziko mumafungiro eanarchist ayo anoramba asina kugadziriswa nanhasi.

“Mupfungwa yakafara, hutsinye kurambwa kwekumanikidza uye kutonga munzira dzese, kusanganisira zvimiro zvevaprisita nevemaplutocrats ... Anopikisa ... anovenga marudzi ese eudzvanyiriri, muvengi weparasism, kushandiswa uye kudzvanyirira. Anarchist anozvisunungura kubva kune zvese zvitsvene uye anoita chirongwa chakakura chekusvibisa. "

Tsanangudzo yeanarchism: Mark Mirabello. Handbook yevapanduki nematsotsi. Oxford, England: Oxford Mandrake

Core values ​​muanarchism

Pasinei nekusiyana kwavo, vanarchist vanowanzoita:

(1) simbisa rusununguko sechinhu chinokosha; vamwe vanowedzera humwe hunhu hwakadai sekururamisira, kuenzana, kana kugara zvakanaka kwevanhu;

(2) kutsoropodza nyika seisingaenderani nerusununguko (uye/kana mamwe maitiro); naizvozvowo

(3) kurudzira chirongwa chekuvaka nzanga iri nani isina nyika.

Mazhinji ezvinyorwa zveanarchist anoona nyika sechombo chekudzvanyirira, chinowanzo shandiswa nevatungamiriri vayo kuti vabatsirwe. Hurumende kazhinji, kunyange isiri nguva dzose, inorwiswa nenzira imwe cheteyo sevaridzi vanodzvinyirira vemitoo yekugadzirwa muhurongwa hwecapitalist, vadzidzisi vanozvitonga uye vabereki vanokurira. Zvakawanda, vanarchist vanofunga zvisina kufanira chero rudzi rweudzvanyiriri iko kushandiswa kwenzvimbo yesimba kune kuzvinakira iye kwete kubatsira kune avo vari pasi pechiremera. Simbiso yeanarchist pa *rusununguko, *kururamisira, uye kugara zvakanaka kwevanhu kunobva pakuona kwakanaka kwehunhu hwevanhu. Vanhu vanowanzorangarirwa kuva vanokwanisa kuzvibata vamene nenzira ine rugare, yokushandira pamwe uye inobereka zvibereko.

Izwi rokuti anarchism uye kwakabva anarchism

Izwi rokuti anarchism rinobva muchiGiriki ἄναρχος, anarchos, zvinoreva "pasina vatongi", "pasina archons". Pane kusajeka mukushandiswa kwemazwi ekuti "libertarian" uye "libertarian" muzvinyorwa pamusoro peanarchism. Kubva kuma1890 muFrance, izwi rekuti "libertarianism" raiwanzo shandiswa serimwe izwi rekuti "anarchism", uye raishandiswa zvakanyanyisa mupfungwa iyoyo kusvika kuma1950 muUnited States; kushandiswa kwayo sezwi rakafanana kuchiri kwakajairika kunze kweUnited States.

Kusvikira muzana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe

Kare kare mhirizhonga isati yava maonero akasiyana, vanhu vaigara munzanga dzisina hurumende kwezviuru zvemakore. Kwakanga kusati kwasvika pakusimuka kwevanhu vane hutongi hwepamusoro apo pfungwa dzeanarchist dzakagadzirwa semhinduro yakakosha uye kurambwa kwemasangano ezvematongerwo enyika anomanikidza uye hukama hwehukama hwemagariro.

Anarchism sekunzwisiswa kwazvinoita nhasi ine midzi yayo mukufunga kwezvematongerwo enyika kweKuvhenekerwa, kunyanya mumakakatanwa aRousseau pamusoro pehutsika hwerusununguko. Izwi rekuti "anarchist" pakutanga raishandiswa sezwi rekutuka, asi panguva yeChimurenga cheFrance mamwe mapoka akadai saEnrages akatanga kushandisa izwi iri nenzira yakanaka. Makanga muri muaya mamirire ezvinhu ezvamatongerwe enyika apo William Godwin akakudziridza uzivi hwake, hunorangarirwa navazhinji kuva kutaura kwokutanga kwomufungo wazvino uno. Pakasvika mavambo ezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, shoko rechiNgezi rokuti “anarchism” rakanga rarasikirwa nerevo yaro yapakuvamba yakashata.

Sekureva kwaPeter Kropotkin, William Godwin, mubhuku rake rinonzi A Study in Political Justice (1973), ndiye akatanga kuumba pfungwa dzezvematongerwo enyika nedzehupfumi dzemhirizhonga, kunyangwe zvazvo asina kupa zita iroro kupfungwa dzakagadzirwa mubhuku rake. Apesvedzerwa zvakasimba nemirangariro yeChimurenga cheFrance, Godwin akataura kuti sezvo munhu ari munhu ane mufungo, haafaniri kudziviswa kushandisa chikonzero chake chakachena. Sezvo marudzi ose ehurumende asina mufungo uye naizvozvo ane udzvinyiriri, anofanira kukukurwa.

Pierre Joseph Proudhon

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon ndiye wekutanga kuzvidaidza kuti anarchist, zita raakatora mugwaro rake re1840 Chii chinonzi Property? Ndicho chikonzero nei Proudhon inorumbidzwa nevamwe semuvambi wedzidziso yemazuva ano yeanarchist. Akagadzira dzidziso yekuzvimiririra kurongeka munharaunda, maererano nemasangano anomuka pasina chero chiremera chepakati, "positive anarchy", umo kurongeka kunobva pakuti munhu wese anoita zvaanoda, uye chete zvaanoda. , uye kupi chete. kutengeserana kwebhizinesi kunogadzira kurongeka kwevanhu. Aiona nyonganyonga sechimiro chehurumende umo kuziva kwevoruzhinji nekwakavanzika, kunoumbwa nebudiriro yesayenzi nomutemo, iko kumene kunokwana kuchengeta runyararo ndokuvimbisa rusununguko rwose. Mariri, semugumisiro, masangano emapurisa, nzira dzekudzivirira uye dzinodzvinyirira, hurumende, mutero, nezvimwewo zvinoderedzwa.

Anarchism as a social movement

First International

MuEurope, kuita kwakasimba kwakatevera kumukira kwa1848. Makore makumi maviri gare gare, muna 1864, International Workers 'Association, dzimwe nguva inonzi "First International," yakaunza pamwe chete akati wandei eEuropean revolutionary currents, anosanganisira French Proudhon, Blanquists, British trade unionists, socialists, uye social democrats. Kuburikidza nekubatana kwayo kwechokwadi nemafambisirwo ebasa anoshingaira, International yakava sangano rinokosha. Karl Marx akave munhu anotungamira weInternational uye nhengo yeGeneral Council yayo. Vateveri vaProudhon, vaMutualists, vakapikisa Marx's state socialism, vachidzivirira zvematongerwo enyika uye hudiki hudiki. Muna 1868, mushure mekusabudirira kutora chikamu muLigi yeRunyararo neRusununguko (LPF), mutsigiri wekuRussia Mikhail Bakunin nevamwe vake vaanosanganisa vanarchist vakabatana neFirst International (iyo yakasarudza kusabatana neLPF). Ivo vakabatana nemubatanidzwa wemubatanidzwa wemasangano epasi rose weInternational, uyo akakurudzira kupidigura hurumende uye kuunganidzwa kwemidziyo. Pakutanga, macollectivists akashanda neMarxists kusundira Yekutanga International mune imwe shanduko yesocialist nzira. Mushure mezvo, iyo International yakakamurwa kuita misasa miviri, inotungamirwa naMarx naBakunin. Muna 1872 kunetsana kwakasvika pakuparadzana kwekupedzisira pakati pemapoka maviri paHague Congress, uko Bakunin naJames Guillaume vakadzingwa kubva kuInternational uye muzinda wayo wakaendeswa kuNew York. Mukupindura, zvikamu zvemubatanidzwa zvakaumba yavo Yepasi rose kuSaint-Imier congress, vachitora chirongwa chekuchinja anarchist.

Anarchism uye basa rakarongeka

Zvikamu zvinopokana nechiremera zveFirst International zvakange zviri vatungamiri veanarcho-syndicalists, avo vakatsvaga "kutsiva ropafadzo nechiremera chehurumende" ne "sangano rakasununguka uye rinongoerekana raita basa."

Confederation Generale du Travail (General Confederation of Labor, CGT), yakagadzirwa muFrance muna 1985, ndiyo yaive yekutanga huru anarcho-syndicalist kufamba, asi yakatangirwa neSpanish Workers 'Federation muna 1881. Bato rakakura kwazvo reanarchist nhasi riri kuSpain, muchimiro cheCGT uye CNT (National Confederation of Labor). Mamwe masangano anoshanda akabatana anosanganisira US Workers Solidarity Alliance neUK Solidarity Federation.

Anarchism uye Revolution yeRussia

Vanarchist vakapinda nemaBolshevik mune zvese Kukadzi naGumiguru Revolutions uye pakutanga vaive nechido neBolshevik Revolution. Zvisinei, vaBolshevik vakakurumidza kupandukira vanarchist nevamwe vanopikisa kuruboshwe, kurwisana kwakaguma nekumukira kweKronstadt muna 1921, iyo yakaderedzwa nehurumende itsva. Vanarchist vari pakati peRussia vakaiswa mujeri kana kuti vakaendeswa pasi pevhu, kana kuti vakabatana nevaBolshevik vaikunda; vanarchist kubva kuPetrograd neMoscow vakatizira kuUkraine. Ikoko, muFree Territory, vakarwa muhondo yevagari vemo nevachena (boka revanamambo nevamwe vaipikisa October Revolution), uyezve maBolsheviks sechikamu cheRevolutionary Insurgent Army yeUkraine, inotungamirirwa naNestor Makhno, uyo. yakagadzira nzanga yeanarchist munharaunda kwemwedzi yakati wandei.

Vakadzingwa vekuAmerica vanarchist Emma Goldman naAlexander Berkman vaive pakati peavo vakaita mushandirapamwe vachipindura mitemo yeBolshevik uye kudzvinyirirwa kwekumukira kweKronstadt vasati vabva kuRussia. Vose vakanyora nhoroondo dzezvakaitika kwavari muRussia, vachitsoropodza chiyero chekutonga kwakaitwa nevaBolshevik. Kwavari, kufanotaura kwaBakunin pamusoro pemigumisiro yekutonga kweMarxist, kuti vatongi vehurumende itsva ye "socialist" yeMarxist vaizova vanhu vatsva, zvakaratidza kuti ndezvechokwadi.

Anarchism muzana remakore rechi20

Mumakore ekuma1920 nema1930, kusimuka kwefascism muEurope kwakashandura kupokana kweanarchism nehurumende. Italy yakaona kurwisana kwekutanga pakati pevanarchist nefascists. MaItaly anarchist akaita basa rakakosha muArditi del Popolo anti-fascist organisation, iyo yaive yakasimba munzvimbo dzine tsika dzevanarchist, uye vakawana budiriro mumabasa avo, sekuramba maBlackshirts munhare yeanarchist yeParma muna Nyamavhuvhu 1922. anarchist Luigi Fabbri aive mumwe wevakatanga kutsoropodza theorists yefascism, achiidaidza kuti "preventive counter-revolution". MuFrance, uko maligi ekurudyi aive pedyo nekumukira panguva yemhirizhonga yaFebruary 1934, vanarchist vakakamurwa pamusoro pemutemo wekubatana.

MuSpain, CNT yakatanga yakaramba kujoinha mubatanidzwa wesarudzo wePopular Front, uye kuramba vatsigiri veCNT kwakaguma nekukunda kwesarudzo. Asi muna 1936, CNT yakachinja mutemo wayo, uye manzwi eanarchist akabatsira Popular Front kuti idzokere kusimba. Mwedzi yakati gare gare, boka raichimbova vatongi rakapindura nekuedza kupidigura hurumende uko kwakaparira Hondo Yevagari Vemo yeSpain (1936–1939). Mukupindura kumukira kwemauto, bato rakafemerwa neanarchist revarimi nevashandi, rakatsigirwa nemauto ane zvombo, rakatora kutonga kweBarcelona nenzvimbo huru dzekumaruwa Spain, kwavakaunganidza nyika. Asi kunyange pamberi pekukunda kweNazi muna 1939, vanarchist vakanga vachirasikirwa mukurwisana kunotyisa nevaStalinst, avo vaidzora kugoverwa kwerubatsiro rwemauto kune republican kubva kuSoviet Union. Mauto akatungamirirwa naStalinist akadzvinyirira mapoka uye akatambudza Marxists anopikisa uye anarchist zvakafanana. Vanarchist muFrance neItaly vakapinda muResistance panguva yeHondo Yenyika II.

Kunyange zvazvo vanarchist vakanga vachiita zvematongerwo enyika muSpain, Italy, Belgium neFrance, kunyanya muma1870, uye muSpain munguva yeSpain Civil War, uye kunyange zvazvo vanarchist vakaumba sangano reanarcho-syndicalist muUnited States muna 1905, pakanga pasina kana imwe yakakosha. , nharaunda dzakabudirira dzeanarchist chero saizi. Anarchism yakaona kuvandudzwa muma1960 uye kutanga kwema1970 mubasa revatsigiri vakadai saPaul Goodman (1911-72), pamwe anozivikanwa zvakanyanya nezvinyorwa zvake zvedzidzo, naDaniel Guérin (1904-88), anovandudza rudzi rwemakomunitary anarchism iyo. inovaka pazana remakore rechigumi nepfumbamwe anarcho-syndicalism, iyo ikozvino isingachashandi asi inodarika.

Matambudziko muanarchism

Zvinangwa uye nzira

Kazhinji, vanarchist vanofarira chiito chakananga uye vanopikisa kuvhota musarudzo. Vazhinji vanarchist vanotenda kuti shanduko chaiyo haigoneke kuburikidza nekuvhota. Kuita kwakananga kunogona kuve kwechisimba kana kusaita zvechisimba. Vamwe vanarchist havaoni kuparara kwemidziyo sechisimba.

Capitalism

Tsika zhinji dzeanarchist dzinoramba capitalism (iyo yavanoona sehutongi, inomanikidza, uye inodzvinyirira) pamwe nenyika. Izvi zvinosanganisira kusiya basa remuhoro, hukama hwebasa-mushandi, kuva nehutongi; uye pfuma yega, zvakafanana sepfungwa yehutongi.

Kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose

Vese vanarchist vanopikisa kushandiswa kwekumanikidza kunoenderana nekutengeserana kwenyika, kunoitwa kuburikidza nemasangano akadai seWorld Bank, World Trade Organisation, G8 uye World Economic Forum. Vamwe vanarchist vanoona neoliberal globalization mukumanikidza kwakadaro.

Communism

Zvikoro zvizhinji zveanarchism zvakaona mutsauko uripo pakati pekusununguka neutongi hwemhando dzecommunism.

democracy

Kune vega veanarchist, iyo system yeruzhinji sarudzo democracy inoonekwa seisina basa. Kupindirwa kupi nokupi pakodzero dzechisikigo dzomunhu hakuna kururama uye chiratidzo cheudzvinyiriri hwevazhinji.

Zvepabonde

Anarcha-feminism ingangoona madzitateguru sechikamu uye chiratidzo cheakabatana masisitimu ekudzvinyirira.

Mujaho

Black anarchism inopikisa kuvapo kwenyika, capitalism, kuzviisa pasi uye kutonga kwevanhu vedzinza reAfrica, uye inotsigira sangano risiri rekutonga renzanga.

chitendero

Anarchism yagara ichipokana uye ichipokana nechitendero chakarongeka.

tsananguro yeanarchism

Anarcho-syndicalism