Subculture Theory - Subculture Theory

Subcultural theory inoratidza kuti vanhu vanogara mumadhorobha vanokwanisa kutsvaga nzira dzekugadzira pfungwa yenharaunda kunyangwe paine kuparadzaniswa uye kusazivikanwa.

Early subculture theory yaisanganisira akasiyana theorists akabatana neakazozivikanwa seChicago School. Subcultural theory yakatanga kubva kubasa reChikoro cheChicago pamakororo uye yakagadziridzwa kuburikidza neChikoro cheSymbolic Interactionism kuita seti yedzidziso inotaura kuti mamwe mapoka kana subcultures munharaunda ine hunhu nemafungiro anokurudzira hutsotsi nemhirizhonga. Iro basa rakabatana neCentre for Contemporary Cultural Studies paYunivhesiti yeBirmingham (CCCS) rave rakanyanya kuita basa rekubatanidza subculture nemapoka anoenderana neshowy masitaera (teds, mods, punks, matehwe, vatyairi vemidhudhudhu, zvichingodaro).

Subculture Theory: Chicago Chikoro cheSociology

Mavambo eiyo subcultural theory aisanganisira akasiyana theorists akabatana neakazozivikanwa seChicago School. Kunyange zvazvo kusimbiswa kwevateori kwakasiyana, chikoro chinonyanya kuzivikanwa pamusoro pepfungwa ye subcultures semapoka akatsauka ayo kubuda kwacho kunobatanidzwa ne "kusangana kwevanhu vanozviona ivo pachavo nemafungiro evamwe pamusoro pavo." Izvi zvimwe zvakapfupikiswa zvakanakisa mune yaAlbert Cohen's theoretical sumo kuDelinquent Boys (1955). Kuna Cohen, subcultures yaive nevanhu vakaungana vakagadzirisa nyaya dzemagariro nekugadzira hunhu hutsva hwaiita kuti hunhu hwavakagovana huve hwakakodzera chinzvimbo.

Kuwana chinzvimbo mukati metsika diki kwaisanganisira kunyorwa uye nokudaro kubviswa munzanga yese, uko boka racho rakaita neruvengo rwaro kune vekunze, kusvika padanho apo kutadza kuenderana netsika dzakagara kazhinji kazhinji kwakava kwakanaka. Sezvo iyo subculture yakawedzera kukura, yakasarudzika, uye yakazvimirira, nhengo dzayo dzakawedzera kuvimbana kune mumwe nemumwe pakuonana munharaunda uye kusimbisa zvavanotenda nemararamiro.

Madingindira ekunyora uye kusada kwetsika dze "chaiwo" nzanga anojekeswawo mubasa raHoward Becker, iro, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, rinozivikanwa nekusimbisa kwayo miganhu inodhonzwa nevaimbi vejazz pakati pavo nehunhu hwavo se "maitiro" uye vateereri vavo se "mativi". Pfungwa yekuwedzera polarization pakati pe subculture uye nharaunda yese semhedzisiro yekunyorwa kwekunze yakagadziridzwazve maererano nevanopindwa muropa nezvinodhaka muBritain naJock Young (1971) uye maererano nekutya kwetsika munhau dzakatenderedza mods uye rockers. Stan. Cohen. Kuna Cohen, mifananidzo isina kunaka yakajairika yezvimiro zvemidhiya zvese zvakasimbisa hunhu hwepamusoro uye kuvaka chimiro cheramangwana chemapoka akadaro.

Frederick M. Thrasher (1892–1962) akanga ari nyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu paYunivhesiti yeChicago.

Akadzidza zvakarongeka zvikwata zvematsotsi, achiongorora mabasa nemafambiro ezvikwata. Akatsanangura zvikwata nemafambisirwo avanoita boka.

E. Franklin Frazier - (1894-1962), American sociologist, wekutanga African American sachigaro paYunivhesiti yeChicago.

Mumatanho ekutanga eChikoro cheChicago uye zvidzidzo zvavo zveecology yemunhu, chimwe chezvishandiso zvakakosha yaive pfungwa yekusarongeka, izvo zvakakonzera kubuda kweiyo underclass.

Albert K. Cohen (1918–) - ane mukurumbira American criminologist.

Anozivikanwa nedzidziso yake yetsika dzematsotsi emaguta, kusanganisira bhuku rake rine simba Delinquent Boys: Gungano Rematsotsi. Cohen haana kutarisa basa rematsotsi ane chekuita nehupfumi, asi akatarisa hutsotsi hwematsotsi, achitarisa hutsotsi hwematsotsi pakati pevechidiki vanoshanda munzvimbo dzezvitangwena vakagadzira imwe tsika vachipindura kushaikwa kwavo kwavanofungidzira kushaikwa kwemikana yehupfumi neyemagariro munharaunda yeU.S.

Richard Cloward (1926-2001), American sociologist uye philanthropist.

Lloyd Olin (1918-2008) aive American sociologist uye tsotsi aidzidzisa paHarvard Law School, Columbia University, uye University of Chicago.

Richard Cloward naLloyd Olin vakataura nezve R.K. Merton, achitora nhanho imwe mberi munzira iyo subculture yaive "yakafanana" mukugona kwayo: iyo tsotsi subculture yaive nemitemo yakafanana uye nhanho. Kubva zvino, yaive "Illegitimate Possibility Structure", inofanana, asi ichiri pamutemo polarization.

Walter Miller, David Matza, Phil Cohen.

Subculture Theory: Yunivhesiti yeBirmingham Center yeContemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS)

Chikoro cheBirmingham, kubva mumaonero eNeo-Marxist, chakaona subcultures kwete senyaya dzakasiyana dzechimiro, asi seratidziro yemamiriro evechidiki, kunyanya kubva kuboka revashandi, maererano nemamiriro chaiwo emagariro eGreat Britain muma1960s. uye 1970s. Zvinopokana kuti vechidiki vanokatyamadza subcultures vakashanda kugadzirisa kusawirirana munharaunda yevanoshanda vechidiki pakati petsika dzechinyakare dzeboka rekushanda "tsika yevabereki" uye yemazuva ano hegemonic tsika yekushandiswa kwehuwandu inodzorwa nenhau nekutengeserana.

Vatsoropodzi veChicago Chikoro uye Birmingham Chikoro cheSubculture Theory

Kune kwakawanda kwakanyatso kutaurwa kushoropodzwa kweChicago Chikoro uye Birmingham Chikoro nzira kune subculture theory. Chekutanga, kuburikidza nekusimbisa kwavo kwedzidziso pakugadzirisa nyaya dzechinzvimbo mune imwe nyaya uye kwekufananidzira kuramba kwechimiro mune imwe, tsika dzese dzinomiririra kupokana kuri nyore pakati petsika netsika huru. Zvinhu zvakadai sekusiyana-siyana kwemukati, kupindirana kwekunze, kufamba kwega kwega pakati pe subcultures, kusagadzikana kwemapoka pachawo, uye nhamba huru yezvipfeko zvisingafadzi-zvisingatarisirwi. Nepo Albert Cohen achikurudzira kuti subcultures inogadzirisa nyaya dzakafanana dzenhengo dzese, Birmingham theorists vanokurudzira kuvepo kwezvimwechete, zvinopandura zvinoreva masitaera etsika izvo zvinozoratidza chinzvimbo chenhengo dzekirasi yakagovaniswa.

Uyezve, pane tsika yekufungidzira, pasina ruzivo kana humbowo, kuti subcultures neimwe nzira yakasimuka kubva kunhamba huru yevanhu vakasiyana panguva imwe chete uye nekuerekana vachipindura nenzira imwechete kune inofungidzirwa mamiriro emagariro. Albert Cohen anonongedza zvisina tsarukano kuti maitiro e "kukwezvana" kwevanhu vasingagutsikane uye "kudyidzana kwavo kunoshanda kune mumwe nemumwe" kwakatungamira mukusikwa kwetsika.

Hukama hwezvenhau uye kutengeserana ne subculture uye subculture theory

Tsika yekuisa vezvenhau nekutengeserana mukupikisa subcultures chinhu chinonyanya kunetsa mune dzakawanda subculture theories. Pfungwa yekubatana inoratidza kuti vezvenhau nevezvekutengeserana vanobatanidzwa mukushambadzira kwemaitiro etsika chete mushure mekunge asimbiswa kwenguva yakati. Sekureva kwaJock Mudiki naStan Cohen, basa ravo nderekunyora nekusaziva uye kusimbisa subcultures iripo. Zvichakadaro, kune Hebdige, zvemazuva ese zvekushandisa zvinongopa izvo zvakagadziridzwa zvekugadzira subcultural kupidigura. Pfungwa yekubatana inoratidza kuti vezvenhau uye kutengeserana vanongobatanidzwa mukushambadzira kwemaitiro etsika mushure mekunge asimbiswa kwekanguva, uye Hebdige anosimbisa kuti kubatanidzwa uku kunoreva kufa kwe subcultures. Kusiyana neizvi, Thornton anoratidza kuti subcultures inogona kusanganisira akawanda akanaka uye asina kunaka mafomu ekuita kwakananga midhiya kubva pakutanga.

Zvina zvinoratidza zve subcultural substance

Iwo mana anoratidza maitiro eiyo subculture ndeaya: kuzivikanwa, kuzvipira, kuenderana kuzivikanwa, uye kuzvitonga.

Subculture Theory: Persistent Identity

Zvingave zvakanyanyisa kutsvaga kubvisa zvachose pfungwa dzekuramba kwechiratidzo, homology, uye kugadzirisa kwakaungana kwekupokana kwemaitiro kubva mukuongororwa kwetsika dzevazhinji. Nekudaro, hapana chimwe chezvinhu izvi chinofanirwa kutariswa sechinhu chakakosha chinotsanangura hunhu hweizwi subculture. Kazhinji, mabasa, zvirevo, uye zviratidzo zvekubatanidzwa kwetsika zvinogona kusiyana pakati pevatori vechikamu uye kuratidza maitiro akaoma esarudzo yetsika uye masangana, pane kungozviitira mhinduro kumamiriro ezvinhu. Nekudaro, izvi hazvireve kuti hapana kuzivikanwa kana kuenderana mumataera uye kukosha kwemapoka emazuva ano, kana kuti, kana aripo, maficha akadaro haana kukosha munharaunda. Ndichiri kubvuma kusadzivirika kweimwe dhigirii yekusiyana kwemukati uye shanduko nekufamba kwenguva, chiyero chekutanga chetsika yezvinhu chinosanganisira kuvepo kweseti yezvakagovaniswa zvinonaka uye hunhu hunosiyana kubva kune mamwe mapoka uye hunoenderana zvakakwana kubva kune mumwe mumwe. rinotevera, imwe nzvimbo kune imwe uye gore kune rinotevera.

Hunhu

Chiratidzo chechipiri che subcultural substance chinangwa chekugadzirisa nyaya iyi nekuisa pfungwa pane iyo vatori vechikamu vanoomerera kune maonero ekuti vanobatanidzwa muboka rakasiyana retsika uye vanogovana pfungwa yekuzivikanwa kune mumwe nemumwe. Tichisiya kukosha kwekuongorora hunozivikanwa hwakabatana uri chinhambwe, pfungwa yakajeka uye inotsungirira yekuzivikanwa kweboka pachayo inotanga kumisa boka racho sechinhu chakakura pane chenguva pfupi.

Kuzvipira

Zvinokurudzirwawo kuti subcultures inogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya hupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwevatori vechikamu mukuita, uye kuti kazhinji pane kwete, iyi yakanyanya kutora chikamu inogara kwemakore kwete mwedzi. Zvichienderana nechimiro cheboka riri mubvunzo, subcultures inogona kuita chikamu chakakosha chenguva yekuzorora, maitiro ehushamwari, nzira dzekutengesa, kuunganidzwa kwezvigadzirwa, tsika dzesocial media, uye kunyangwe kushandiswa kweInternet.

Kuzvitonga

Chiratidzo chekupedzisira che subculture ndechekuti boka riri kutaurwa, kunyangwe risingadzivisiki rakabatana nenharaunda uye yezvematongerwo enyika-yehupfumi system iyo iri chikamu chayo, inoramba ine mwero wepamusoro wekuzvitonga. Kunyanya, chikamu chakakosha cheindasitiri kana yesangano chiitiko chiri pasi payo chinogona kuitwa uye kune vanofarira. Pamusoro pezvo, mune zvimwe zviitiko, mabasa ekuita purofiti achaitika pamwe chete neakakura semi-yekutengesa uye nekuzvidira zviitiko, zvichiratidza yakanyanya mwero wehuswa hwekubatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwetsika.

Birmingham University

Chikoro cheChicago cheSociology